Circular reasoning occurs when the reason for something and the explanation for something match the original reasoning essentially talking in circles In this example Jim shares his toys because he has a big heart and he has a big heart because he shares his toys

A private event is a behavior that cannot be observed In radical behaviorism the type of behaviorism practiced in ABA private events are believed to influence behavior A toothache is a real experience that Joanne is having but it cannot be observed by others

Empiricism means basing decisions and interventions on scientific evidence Joan violated this principle by basing her decision to get a hamster on an article from a tabloid which is not a reliable source of scientific information

Radical behaviorism based on Skinners behaviorism acknowledges the influence of private events thoughts feelings sensations on behavior even though these events cannot be directly observed

Ontogeny refers to the selection of behaviors during an organisms lifetime based on consequences Lucky learned to go into his crate based on the reinforcement he received praise and treat

Technological means that ABA procedures are described clearly and concisely so that they can be replicated by others Timothy ensured his plans were easy for Carlos to understand and follow demonstrating the technological characteristic of ABA

Functionally equivalent behaviors serve the same purpose or produce the same effect on the environment All four phrases serve the purpose of greeting someone

Restitutional overcorrection is used for behaviors that cause damage to the environment while attention extinction is used for attentionmaintained behaviors The fact that different interventions are used suggests the behaviors have different functions

A mand is a request for something It is the only verbal operant directly controlled by a motivating operation MO meaning the speaker wants or needs something and verbally expresses that desire or need

A temporal stimulus class is a group of stimuli that occur in relation to a specific event in time In this case all the events happened just prior to Jessica getting up

A functional response class is a group of behaviors that have the same effect on the environment even if they look different In this case all the behaviors result in escaping or avoiding something undesirable social interaction

A conditioned stimulus CS is a previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response CR after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus US The yoga mat CS elicits salivation CR after being paired with the cookie US

Respondent extinction occurs when a conditioned stimulus CS is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus US and the conditioned response CR gradually decreases In this case the crossbody bag CS is no longer paired with cookies US so Luckys salivation CR decreases

A positive reinforcer is something added to the environment that increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again Even though Jessica intended to punish Luckys barking the reprimands increased the barking so they are functioning as positive reinforcement

The matching law states that behavior is allocated to different choices in proportion to the amount of reinforcement available from each choice Concurrent schedules involve two or more schedules of reinforcement operating simultaneously and independently allowing for choice

A variable time schedule delivers reinforcement after an average amount of time has passed regardless of the individuals behavior Since Erica receives a break about every five minutes regardless of her work its a variable time schedule

Fixed interval schedules often produce a scalloped pattern on a graph due to the postreinforcement pause Responding tends to be low immediately after reinforcement and then gradually increases as the end of the interval approaches

Reflexivity is a type of stimulus equivalence where an individual matches identical stimuli Peter demonstrated reflexivity by matching identical items of clothing

Establishing operations EOs increase the value of a reinforcer while abolishing operations AOs decrease the value Noncontingent reinforcement NCR functions as an AO by providing the reinforcer freely Functional communication training FCT teaches alternative behaviors to access the same reinforcer but it doesnt directly alter the MO

Extinction involves withholding reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior Automatically maintained behaviors are reinforced by the sensory stimulation they produce so extinction cannot be used because the reinforcement is not externally provided

A relational frame is a generalized operant that allows individuals to derive relationships between stimuli without direct training Sandy had a relational frame for bird allowing her to identify the novel bird based on its features

An operational definition must be objective clear and measurable Regina kicks a ball is the most objective and measurable option

Resistance to extinction occurs when a behavior continues to occur even when it is no longer being reinforced Jessica tried repeatedly to fix the website even though her efforts were unsuccessful

Symmetry is a type of stimulus equivalence where an individual can reverse the relationship between two stimuli Jose demonstrated symmetry by learning Mom is Susan and then demonstrating Susan is mom

Stimming or selfstimulatory behavior is often automatically reinforced meaning the behavior itself produces the reinforcement However since we cannot directly observe the internal sensory consequences of stimming it is difficult to determine whether it functions as positive or negative reinforcement

Stimulus generalization occurs when a behavior that is learned in one environment or in the presence of one stimulus occurs in other environments or in the presence of other similar stimuli Coral is programming for stimulus generalization by having the RBTs teach in different environments

Social negative reinforcement occurs when another person removes an aversive stimulus and as a result the behavior is more likely to occur again Lisas teacher removed the homework aversive stimulus which increased Lisas behavior of advocating for herself

Response generalization occurs when an individual emits a variety of responses that serve the same function as the original behavior Kimberlys use of a stand mixer achieves the same outcome mixing the cake as using a spoon but its a different response

Temporal locus refers to when a behavior occurs Interresponse time IRT measures the time between two consecutive instances of a behavior and latency measures the time between a stimulus and the onset of a behavior

While percent is a useful measure in ABA it doesnt directly measure a single instance of behavior It represents a proportion of correct responses or intervals but not the dimension of a specific instance of behavior

A cumulative record shows the total number of responses over time The number of mands acquired is the difference between the total on January 5th and the total on January 1st 3 0 3

Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value Reliability refers to the consistency of measurement Data cannot be accurate but not reliable If a measurement is accurate it must also be reliable The other options are possible

Space responding DRL involves increasing the time between responses By manipulating the IRT the overall rate of behavior decreases

Latency is the time between a stimulus Jessica opening her eyes and the response Lucky giving her a kiss The question states this was one second

IRT is the time between consecutive instances of behavior Caleb threw a toy then 5 minutes later threw another then 3 minutes later threw another and finally 4 minutes later threw a fourth toy The IRTs are 5 minutes 3 minutes and 4 minutes The average is 5 3 43 4 minutes

A cumulative record tracks the total number of skills or targets mastered over time It always increases or stays flat never decreases

Since the goal is to increase sitting a behavior that should occur continuously whole interval recording is the best option It underestimates the behavior providing a conservative measure of progress

Magnitude refers to the intensity or force of a behavior In this case the magnitude of Tyrones voice is being shaped

Validity refers to whether the data measures what it is intended to measure In this case due to the fire alarm the data does not accurately reflect Ricardos ability to stay seated during lunchtime

BCBAs can work with different populations if they are competent or receive supervision to become competent Lori can ethically accept the job as long as shes honest about her experience and seeks supervision

According to the updated ethics code BCBAs can accept gifts under 10 that dont create a multiple relationship A 1 ornament meets these criteria

The ethics code allows for romantic relationships with former clients parents after a twoyear period Since three years have passed no ethical violation occurred

Difficulty swallowing could be a medical issue It is crucial to rule out medical causes before addressing behaviorally

If services are causing more harm than good and all attempts to remedy the situation have failed it is ethical to terminate services

BCBAs can engage in other professional activities as long as they dont represent those activities as ABA and dont misrepresent their credentials

BCBAs are obligated to correct public misinformation about ABA Joan should attempt to have the post corrected or removed

While dual relationships should be avoided they may be unavoidable in small communities Sandra should take the case but minimize the dual relationship by avoiding discussion of the case at church

Conducting the competency assessment for a close friend would be a dual relationship and should be avoided

The ethics code mandates the use of data to guide and evaluate treatment decisions

Client confidentiality must be protected Photos can only be shared with informed consent and a disclaimer

Collaboration with other professionals is important While the sensory bin may not be a traditional ABA intervention it is ethical to collaborate and collect data to assess its effectiveness

The client is anyone who benefits from the services This includes Jaden both parents and the preschool which benefits from support for Jaden The insurance company is not a client

The ethics code requires attempting to resolve ethical violations informally before filing a formal complaint Leida should contact her competitor first

While you have a right to be informed about the studys purpose procedures risksbenefits and incentives you are not entitled to the results without the researchers consent

Referral fees are unethical and shouldnt be considered during assessments

Suicidal ideation is outside the scope of ABA practice Paul requires a referral to a qualified medical or mental health professional

Behavior goals should primarily benefit the client not the researchers interests

Backwards chaining with leaps ahead requires knowing which steps the learner can already perform A multiple opportunity probe allows assessment of each step even if a previous step is incorrect

A free operant preference assessment involves observing the individual in their natural environment and recording which items they interact with and for how long without presenting stimuli in trials

In a functional analysis graph the function is indicated by the condition under which the behavior occurs at the highest rate If the attention condition shows the highest rate then attention is the function

The play condition serves as the control in an FA It provides noncontingent access to preferred items and attention establishing a baseline rate of behavior in the absence of the other test conditions

An analog assessment is a structured observation in a controlled setting similar to the conditions of a functional analysis

Functional analysis is considered the gold standard for assessing behavior function While it has limitations can evoke problem behavior requires resources its generally effective

An analysis of precursors focuses on identifying and reinforcing behaviors that precede the target behavior headbanging aiming to prevent the severe behavior from occurring

A synthesized FA involves testing a hypothesis about the function by reinforcing only the suspected function and comparing it to a control condition play

A latency FA measures the time between the onset of a condition and the occurrence of the target behavior to identify the function

A preliminary assessment involves gathering information through various methods interviews records review direct observation to determine if ABA services are warranted and feasible

Something was removed laundry which resulted in a decrease of a behavior doing laundry in the shared laundry room This is negative punishment

Jennifers screaming resulted in escape from demands via moms intervention which increased the screaming behavior Therefore it was reinforced

The fly creates the motivation MO to kill it The shoe serves as a discriminative stimulus SD signaling that the behavior of swatting with it will be reinforced by the flys demise

A CMOT Transitive makes something else reinforcing Jenna needs the combination reinforcer to get her belongings the actual thing she wants Her boyfriend becomes the tool CMOT to access the reinforcer

Unconditioned reinforcers are inherently reinforcing Money is a conditioned reinforcer it acquires its value through learning and association with other reinforcers

Space responding DRL reinforces responses that are separated by a specified amount of time effectively slowing down the response rate

Response generalization occurs when an individual emits a functionally equivalent response in the presence of the same stimulus While different materials are used the response of writing her name is different with each material

Imitation occurs without direct instruction Natasha is observing and copying her daughters behavior without being prompted

DTT involves presenting a discriminative stimulus SD prompting a response and providing reinforcement or correction This format aligns with labeling animals based on descriptions

Incidental teaching capitalizes on naturally occurring opportunities to teach within the natural environment which falls under naturalistic teaching arrangements

For a typically developing teenager total task presentation teaching all steps at once is usually most efficient for teaching chores

Reinforcing a behavior sometimes but not always creates an intermittent schedule of reinforcement This is not extinction as extinction requires consistently withholding reinforcement

Janice initially used an echoic prompt gummy to evoke the response and then reinforced it with the gummy bear mand

This is a mand for information Aricousou wants information the types of champagne and asks for it

Symmetry demonstrates a bidirectional relationship between stimuli If AB then BA Logan demonstrates this by relating talking out of turn to staying after school in both directions

A highprobability request sequence behavior momentum involves presenting several easy requests before a more challenging one This creates an abolishing operation by reducing the value of escape from the challenging request as the learner is already accessing reinforcement through compliance

Contingency contracts should be clear agreed upon and include data collection methods

The relevance of behavior rule emphasizes teaching skills that are functional and will contact reinforcement in the natural environment promoting maintenance