Motivating Operations MOs are antecedent events that temporarily alter the value of a stimulus as a reinforcer or punisher valuealtering effect and affect the frequency of behaviors that have been reinforced or punished by that stimulus behavioraltering effect An intervention that directly manipulates an MO aims to change these valuealtering or behavioraltering effects Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement are consequencebased procedures They involve delivering or removing a stimulus after a behavior to increase its future probability While MOs can impact the effectiveness of these reinforcers eg food is more reinforcing when deprived these procedures themselves do not primarily manipulate the MO Noncontingent reinforcement NCR is an antecedentbased intervention where stimuli with known reinforcing properties are delivered on a fixedtime FT or variabletime VT schedule independent of the learners behavior The primary mechanism by which NCR works is by abolishing the motivating operation AO for a problem behavior By providing the reinforcer for free and frequently the individuals motivation to engage in the problem behavior to obtain that reinforcer is reduced For example providing frequent noncontingent attention can abolish the MO for attentionseeking problem behaviors Prompting is an antecedent stimulus that evokes a correct response While prompts are part of discriminative stimulus control and help to occasion behavior they do not primarily function to manipulate the value of a consequence or the motivation for a behavior they provide a cue for how to respond