Noncontingent reinforcement NCR involves delivering a reinforcer on a fixedtime FT or variabletime VT schedule independent of the clients behavior By frequently providing the maintaining reinforcer attention in this case without requiring the challenging behavior NCR works to decrease the value of that reinforcer thereby functioning as an abolishing operation AO This reduces the motivating operation MO for the challenging behavior making the behavior less likely to occur because the consequence it previously produced is no longer as valuable or desired The provided text explicitly states NCR is a way to manipulate MOs specifically to decrease the value of that attention thus manipulating dmo Positive and negative reinforcement are consequences that follow behavior and increase or decrease its future likelihood but they do not primarily manipulate MOs in this direct manner DRO is a different procedure involving withholding reinforcement for the target behavior and delivering it for the absence of the behavior or for any other behavior not primarily an MO manipulation technique in this context